Influence of start-up on PCDD/F emission of incinerators

This study aims to evaluate the influence of start-up on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) concentration in the stack flue gas of incinerators and its contributing PCDD/F emission. The PCDD/F emission of the first sample among three consecutive stack flue gas samples of five intermittent incinerators, which sampled at a stable combustion condition after start-up, is 2-3 times higher than the mean of the others. For verifying the PCDD/F characteristics of incinerators during start-up, one continuous MSWI was investigated for two years. The elevated PCDD/F emissions of the MSWI during start-up could reach 96.9 ng I-TEQN m(-3) and still maintained a high PCDD/F emission (40 times higher than the Taiwan emission limit) even 18 h after the injection of activated carbon, indicating the memory effect. Taking the MSWI for example, which consists of four incinerators, the estimated annual PCDD/F emission from normal operational conditions was 0.112 g I-TEQ. However, one start-up procedure can generate approximately 60% of the PCDD/F emissions for one whole year of normal operations. And the PCDD/F emission, which is the result of the start-ups of four incinerators, was at least two times larger than that of a whole year's normal operations, without consideration for the PCDD/F emission contributed by the long lasting memory effect.     

折板絮凝池流场的粒子图像测速试验研究

利用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对折板絮凝池模型中的复杂流场进行测量,分析了折板絮凝池的缩放单元和转折单元内部流场对絮凝效果的影响机制.絮凝试验表明,90°异波折板与90°同波波折板组合的浊度去除率最高,达到了97.7%,这对折板絮凝池的成本效益设计提供了理论依据.     

Mathematical modelling of sewage sludge incineration in a bubbling fluidised bed with special consideration for thermally-thick fuel particles

Fluidised bed combustor (FBC) is one of the key technologies for sewage sludge incineration. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed for the simulation of a large-scale sewage sludge incineration plant. The model assumes the bed consisting of a fast-gas phase, an emulsion phase and a fuel particle phase with specific consideration for thermally-thick fuel particles. The model further improves over previous works by taking into account throughflow inside the bubbles as well as the floating and random movement of the fuel particles inside the bed. Validation against both previous lab-scale experiments and operational data of a large-scale industrial plant was made. Calculation results indicate that combustion split between the bed and the freeboard can range from 60/40 to 90/10 depending on the fuel particle distribution across the bed height under the specific conditions. The bed performance is heavily affected by the variation in sludge moisture level. The response time to variation in feeding rate is different for different parameters, from 6min for outlet H(2)O, 10min for O(2), to 34min for bed temperature.     

污泥龄对LSP & PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响

通过研究分析污泥龄（SRT）对富磷污水除磷的LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响，结果发现，延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力，但不影响其总的除磷率，同时磷的回收比例增大，当SRT=50 d时，磷回收率取得最大值70.4％；LSP&PNR系统污泥龄增加，还有利于污泥产率的降低。试验还发现，排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP&PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系，即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果，当SRT=50 d时，每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥，而除磷率达最高值928％；LSP&PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性，在供氧充足（DO＝0.8～1.5 mg/L）条件下，SRT增加，SVI越高，但对于SRT为50 d的LSP&PNR系统，稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞。     

污泥龄对LSP & PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响

通过研究分析污泥龄(SRT)对富磷污水除磷的LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响,结果发现,延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力,但不影响其总的除磷率,同时磷的回收比例增大,当SRT=50 d时,磷回收率取得最大值70.4%;LSP&PNR系统污泥龄增加,还有利于污泥产率的降低.试验还发现,排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP&PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系,即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果,当SRT=50 d时,每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥,而除磷率达最高值92.8%;LSP&PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性,在供氧充足(DO=0.8～1.5 mg/L)条件下,SRT增加,SVI越高,但对于SRT为50 d的LSP&PNR系统,稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞.     

幽深的蓝色墓穴——龙三角

自20世纪40年代以来，无数臣轮在日本以南空旷清冷的海面上神秘失踪，它们中的大多数在失踪前都没能发出求救讯号，也没有任何线索可以解答它们失踪后的相关命运。如在地图上标出这片海域的范围，它恰恰是一个与百慕大极为相似的三角区域，这就是令人恐惧的日本龙三角.     

火力发电厂安全现状评价模式探讨

以火电厂现状评价为例,探索火力发电厂安全现状评价模式。     

浸润线缓慢上升对滑坡剩余推力的影响规律

地下水浸润线变化对滑坡下滑力、抗滑力和剩余推力的影响甚大。基于传力系数法,建立了浸润线缓慢上升时剩余推力改变量的计算模型,探讨了滑面倾角、浸润线角度和滑面内摩擦角与倾角正切比对浸润线缓慢上升前后滑坡剩余推力改变量的影响规律;将浸润线缓慢上升时剩余推力由增大到减小的分界点称为剩余推力变化临界点,分析了剩余推力变化达到临界点时的浸润线倾角分布规律;提出了剩余推力变化的临界线,确定了浸润线缓慢上升时剩余推力的增大区域和减小区域。     

改性CMC聚合物吸附酸法地浸废水中的铀

在温度为70～80℃、单体质量浓度为30%～35%、羧甲基纤维素∶丙烯酸(质量比)为10∶2.5、反应时间为3.5～4 h条件下对CMC进行改性,接枝率可达68%以上。以改性前后的CMC为吸附剂,对模拟酸法地浸含铀废水进行了对比吸附实验研究。结果表明:改性CMC对铀吸附效果最佳的实验条件为:改性CMC质量浓度为0.10 g/L,温度为25℃,pH为5.0,吸附时间100 min,此时铀去除率达到了97.1%,比CMC改性后对铀的吸附率平均提高了近21%。影响吸附效果程度由强到弱的顺序为:改性CMC投加量、pH、吸附时间、温度。     

重大自然灾害后遗体处置应急预案研究

重大自然灾害发生后一般都会伴随着大量人员的遇难,及时妥善处置灾后众多遇难者遗体,是许多国家面临的棘手问题。借鉴我国唐山7.8级地震和汶川8.0级地震中遗体应急处置的经验与教训,从遗体的搜集、存放、运输、消毒、防腐、保存、火化、掩埋等方面,探索遗体处理应急预案的程序与内容,从而提高政府应对重大自然灾害后大量遗体的应急处置能力,全面保障灾区群众的身心健康。